Urologic oncology concerns the surgical treatment of malignant genitourinary diseases such as cancer of the prostate, adrenal glands, bladder, kidneys, ureters, testicles, and penis. Most urologic oncologists use minimally invasive techniques (laparoscopy or endourology, robotic-assisted surgery) to manage urologic cancers amenable to surgical management.

The treatment of genitourinary cancer is managed by either a urologist or an oncologist, depending on the treatment type (surgical or medical).